Biography Horatio Gates, American Commander at Saratoga

Resolutions For Amending The Constitution On Election Of...

Resolutions for amending the Constitution on Election of the President, 1800. (Gilder Lehrman Collection) Nasty political mud-slinging. Campaign attacks and counterattacks. Personal insults. Outrageous newspaper invective. Dire predictions of warfare and national collapse. Innovative new forms of politicking capitalizing on a growing technology. As much as this seems to describe our present-day presidential contests, it actually describes an election more than two hundred years past. The presidential election of 1800 was an angry, dirty, crisis-ridden contest that seemed to threaten the nation’s very survival. A bitter partisan battle between Federalist John Adams and Republican Thomas Jefferson, it produced a tie between Jefferson and his Republican running mate, Aaron Burr; a deadlock in the House where the tie had to be broken; an outburst of intrigue and suspicion as Federalists struggled to determine a course of action; Jefferson’s election; and Burr’s eventual downfall. The unfolding of this crisis tested the new nation’s durability. The deadlock in the House revealed a constitutional defect. It also pushed partisan rivalry to an extreme, inspiring a host of creative and far-reaching electoral ploys. As a sense of crisis built, there was even talk of disunion and civil war, and indeed, two states began to organize their militias to seize the government if Jefferson did not prevail. Oddly enough, this pivotal election has received relatively little scholarlyShow MoreRelatedThe Resolved Issue Of The Constitution Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Constitution. Over the duration of conducting research the overlay of the essay will be describing the major benefit of the U.S Constitution. While several issues have been unresolved by the U.S Constitution such as the issues of the Articles of Confederation. The entire focus of the essay will describe the resolved issue that have been corrected in the constitution, while also describing some of the historical events that were caused the U.S constitution to change. The U.S constitution helpedRead MoreThe Women s Suffrage Movement Essay1787 Words   |  8 Pagesto vote. Abolitionists rejected the idea of women’s suffrage and bind with Republicans to pursue the campaign of African-American men suffrage. By the ratification of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendment, women were denied the vote in federal elections. In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony extracted from the Equal Rights Association and unified a secret meeting of their followers to form the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA). July of 1848 Seneca Falls Convention includedRead MoreThe State Of The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagesstates that still functions under their original constitution. 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This power was placed upon Congress in order to check the president, who happens to be the Commander in Chief of the DepartmentRead MoreArticle 3705407 Words   |  22 PagesARTICLE 370: LAWS AND POLITICS While the Constitution recognises in Article 370 the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, the Central Governments policies since 1953 have totally undermined its autonomy. Senior lawyer and political analyst A.G. NOORANI discusses both aspects and suggests a way out of the mess. I say with all respect to our Constitution that it just does not matter what your Constitution says; if the people of Kashmir do not want it, it will not go there. Because what is the alternativeRead MoreThe Constitution Guarantees Every Citizen Civil Rights1378 Words   |  6 Pages (1) The constitution guarantees every citizen civil rights. Civil rights ensure that the government makes the constitutional freedoms a reality for all people. The rights of citizens include having the right to a trial, expressing yourself, and the freedom to worship or not. Other rights include the right to vote, the right to federal employment, the right to run for office, as well as the right to pursue life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Responsibilities of American citizens includeRead MoreIndian Political System2575 Words   |  11 PagesAccording to our Constitution, India is a sovereign secular socialist democratic republic. It has 28 states and seven Union Territories. With a population of approximately 112 crore, India happens to be the largest democracy in the world. Indian polity is a multi-party democracy, based on the adult franchise system of voting. That is any Indian citizen of 18 and above, who is not debarred by law, can vote in the Indian elections, at national, state and local levels. India is a parliamentary democracyRead MoreThe Nevada Judiciary Branch : The Supreme Court1812 Words   |  8 Pagessystem. 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The entire transmission took aboutRead MoreRepublic Act and Bills of the Philippines5877 Words   |  24 PagesREPUBLIC ACT NO. 9163 AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP) FOR THE TERTIARY LEVEL STUDENTS, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1706, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSE 14 Republic Act 6725 AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PROHIBITION ON DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN WITH RESPECT TO TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE OF THE LABOR CODE, AS AMENDED. http://www.pcw.gov.ph/law/republic-act-6725Read MoreNature of Indian Constitution11177 Words   |  45 PagesConstitution of India- Whether Federal or Unitary It has been the matter of debate among the scholars that whether the constitution of India is completely federal or unitary in nature. But actually Indian constitution contains both features of a federal constitution and unitary constitution. But for the very clear picture of this conclusion first of all we have to know that what is the federal constitution and what is unitary constitution. What feature of Indian constitution makes it federal or what

Should I Earn a Business Degree

Essay Care Coordination in the Health Care System - 582 Words

Care coordination within health care systems ensures the client of an effective and short stay. Care coordination refers to the coordination between and among professional teams that serve valuable roles involved in providing care to clients. Different disciplines of health care professionals include nursing, medicine, case management, pharmacy, nutrition, social work, and allied health professionals, such as speech therapists and physical therapists. They are found in all health care delivery systems and are extremely effective when the focus is strictly on the needs of the client. Interprofessional teams are valuable because each health care professional has specialized knowledge and skills so that health care plans are determined with†¦show more content†¦The American Nurses Association is leading the way by implementing countless initiatives to bring attention to the nurses’ essential role in care coordination. It is up to the nurse to step up and draw attention t o the integral part they play in improving patient satisfaction, patient care quality, and the effective and efficient use of health care resources (American Nurses Association, 2012). In the United States, our health care system is often characterized by communication failures. According to the American Nurses Association (2012), â€Å"Care coordination has been proposed as a solution to many of the seemingly intractable problems of American health care: high costs, uneven quality, and too frequent disappointing patient outcomes† (para. 14). Care coordination is a very important aspect in nursing roles and is extremely valuable because it can improve outcomes for everyone: patients, payers, and providers. Although it is obvious that the changes will improve patient care and general efficiency, applying changes in the general approach and everyday routines may be overwhelming. Luckily, there are resources available for those interested in taking a more coordinated approach to primary care practice (â€Å"Social Media’s leading Physician Voice,† 2012). Interprofessional teams are collaborative among various health care professionals that serve valuable rolesShow MoreRelatedAs healthcare becomes more and more complex due to growing fields of study as well as advances in1600 Words   |  7 Pageseach healthcare provider, whether it be specialists, primary care physicians, or even emergency room doctors, have limited time with each patient. The patient may receive different recommendations from each professional in order to produce a better lifestyle for that patient however this care is not coordinated thus the patient becomes confused as to how to proceed. According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality care coordination means things to different people; no consensus definitionRead MoreAre Ehrs Helping For Improve Care?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove care? Care is changing universally. Healthcare workers have updated standards and practices for care today, and electronic health records (EHR) are one of these updates. EHR’s are an electronic version of a patient’s medical history. Since EHR have been implemented, it has saved patient’s lives, but also caused casualties. The question is are EHR’s helping to improve care? In this paper, the benefits of EHR’s are discussed in how they’ve improved patient-centered care and promoted health careRead MoreChallenges Of Accountable Care Organizations1419 Words   |  6 PagesAffordable Care Act has created many opportunities for states to design and test new models of care delivery and payment that improve health outcomes, improve patients’ experience, and reduce health care spending (The Promise of Care Coordination: Transforming Health Care Delivery, 2013). These new models include accountable care organizations (ACOs) and Medicaid health home s. A main component of these new models is care coordination programs, which allow providers and other members of the health careRead MoreTypes And Implementation Of Care Coordination1315 Words   |  6 PagesCare across various health care settings and with multiple providers is often fragmented and managed in a silo. Patients with multiple illnesses are more challenging to the health care system. These challenges cross multiple health care settings and make the patient more vulnerable to experiencing serious health problems that can result from poor transition and coordination of care. Coordination interventions can include transitional care, patient self-management and coordinated care. IncorporationRead MoreAn Integration Of Care Study1198 Words   |  5 PagesDescription of Setting An integration of care study was conducted by a Doctor of Behavioral Health Intern at Michael R. Zent (MRZ)Healthcare Clinic in Phoenix, Arizona. MRZ is a reverse co-located integrated medical and behavioral clinic that provides services to about 4000 children and 4000 adults annually. MRZ provides laboratory, pharmacy, behavioral and physical health services together under one roof. The clinic utilizes an integrated electronic health record to document the treatment of membersRead MoreTreatment Of A Hospitalized Patient1667 Words   |  7 Pagestreatment to stabilize conditions, reduce the time spent in the hospital, and provide complete care on an outpatient basis (Kalra, et al, 2010, p.930). This change in the healthcare delivery model was inevitable, since hospitals are now paid the same amount of money for procedures regardless of the number of days spent in the hospital. For example, â€Å"Medicare s inpatient prospective reimbursement system uses hospital submitted ICD-9 d iagnosis codes to determine the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG),Read MoreEssay On Behavioral Health Redesign1342 Words   |  6 PagesOhio Behavioral Health Redesign Annually half a million Ohioans Including children, working adults and seniors access mental health and addiction services through the state’s Medicaid program. (Wirtz, 2017) With the severe and pervasive opioid crisis and the rise in suicide Governor Kasich initiated comprehensive reforms to expand access to mental health and addiction treatment services in the State of Ohio. The actions taken during the Kasich Administration have stabilized the system and rebuilt theRead MoreA Description And Defense Of The Change1346 Words   |  6 Pageschange in policy, procedure or program Description: Detailed Process mapping for coordination of care Developing strategies to achieve ideal transition in care can be described as better â€Å"discharge planning, complete communication of information, availability, timeliness, clarity and organization of information, medication safety, educating patients to promote self-management, advance care planning, coordinating care among team members, monitoring and managing symptoms after discharge and follow up†Read MoreDescription Of Setting. A Study On Reverse Integrated Of1305 Words   |  6 PagesDescription of Setting A study on reverse integrated of care delivery system and challenges was conducted by a Doctor of Behavioral Health (DBH) Intern at Michael R. Zent (MRZ)Healthcare Clinic in Phoenix, Arizona. MRZ is a non-profit reverse integrated medical and behavioral clinic that provides services to about 4000 children and 4000 adults annually. MRZ employs 80 individuals, including 2 psychiatrists, 4 nurse practitioners, one primary care provider (PCP), four nurses, thirty therapists, threeRead MoreThe Community Intervention / Interview Paper919 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity outreach and provider Relations for â€Å"Coordination of Health Care for Complex Kids† (CHECK) Program and Project Coordinator of â€Å"Promoting Adolescent Health† (PATH) Study. She was interviewed about her work with the CHECK Program. The Coordination of Health Care for Complex Kids program aims to improve overall health and quality of life for underserved populations. This programs aims to fight the soci al injustice of unequal health systems for low socioeconomic communities. The CHECK program

Essay about Conflicts In Romantic Relationships - 2730 Words

As long as people have gotten romantically involved with one another, there has been conflict within those relationships. Some people argue that conflict is bad for the relationship and will ultimately lead to the demise of that relationship. Others argue that the conflict is good for the relationship and will help it to flourish. Conflict can be both positive and negative for a relationship. It can both help and hinder the relationship. No matter what stage the relationship is in and whether or not the relationship is being helped or hurt, conflict is always happening in different contexts. Conflict is also caused by numerous reasons. These reasons include a lack of interpersonal communication skills, low levels of trust, physical†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Violence by men is a major component of the larger social hierarchy of gender.† (Woods, 1999, p. 481). The abuse in these relationships usually instills feelings of inferiority, which goes along with their societa l learning from childhood. Not only does this abuse give feelings of inferiority but also feelings of shame which lead to a sense of obligation to conserve the relationship to the best of her ability. According to a study done by K.M.Landenburger (1988), most women in these instances gave up on themselves before they gave up on their partners. If giving up on themselves, the logical conclusion is that they will eventually see the abuse as a social norm and will expect that in future relationships, thus repeating the cycle over and over again. P2- Women who have had more sexual partners increase their likelihood of abuse in a romantic relationship. Again, in this proposition, abuse is defined as physical, verbal, or psychological. As in any situation, the more exposure that a person has to a certain element, the more risk is involved pertaining to that element. In this case, women who have more sexual partners are exposing themselves to a greater risk factor of being intimate with that one that will engage in some sort of abusive behavior. With the increased exposure to a number of intimate partners, there comes a decreased sense of control for the women involved in these relationships. (Neufeld, McNamara, Ertl,Show MoreRelatedConflict in Romantic Relationship1710 Words   |  7 PagesGeorgia Perimeter Conflict in romantic relationship Conflicts in romantic relationship Conflicts occur in our relationship when we find dissimilarities in our opinion. It is very natural that disagreements come to the relationships, and conflicts occur. There are no interpersonal relationships without conflicts (Wood 230). Conflicts may also come in romantic relationships. Now, what is romantic relationship? As Wood says, self-concept, proximity, and similarity are the three main thingsRead MoreConflicts in Romantic Relationships2775 Words   |  12 PagesCONFLICT IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS As long as people have gotten romantically involved with one another, there has been conflict within those relationships. Some people argue that conflict is bad for the relationship and will ultimately lead to the demise of that relationship. Others argue that the conflict is good for the relationship and will help it to flourish. Conflict can be both positive and negative for a relationship. It can both help and hinder the relationship. No matterRead MoreInvestment And Conflict Of Romantic Relationships3312 Words   |  14 Pages Investment and Conflict in Romantic Relationships Com 620 Mark Pace and Bo Zhang â€Æ' Investment Model The theory of relationship investment is an effort to understand maintenance of ongoing relationships. This model is an expansion of Kelly and Thirbaut’s (1978) interdependence theory, which specifies that satisfaction is a function of the reward value of a relationship, relative to expectations, and that commitment stems from the superiority of a relationship, compared with viable alternativesRead MoreLevels Of Life Satisfaction / Well Being Are Measured Under Different Manipulative Conditions923 Words   |  4 Pagesavoidance social goals and approach social goals, with different relationship status as affecting variables. An association claim was made while looking at the correlation between different romantic relationship status participants with avoidance or approach social goals and their life satisfaction/well-being. Prior research indicates that all individuals experience more life satisfaction when they are involved in a romantic relationship, but current research r ejects this idea because individuals withRead MoreAdolescence And Young Adulthood : Young Relationships And Delinquency1436 Words   |  6 PagesWithin current culture, it is easy to assume that young relationships are innocent and do not enable any issues in the adolescents cognitive or physical development. The main concern of Ming Cui et al. is that dating in early adolescence can impede developmental adjustment (Serafini Rye Drysdale, 2013, pg. 253). The reason for this concern is that there is more research showing that there is an association between romantic relationships and delinquency in adolescence and young adulthood (SerafiniRead MoreThe Perception of Love in Romantic Films955 Words   |  4 PagesWeve all seen them, those cheesy romantic comedies where two (beautiful) strangers meet and fall in love. They run into some sort of conflict and eventually find a way back to each other in the end. Although that seems like a harmless concept, that kind of love results in unrealistic expectations of what a life partner should be, unrealistic expectations of what the ideal woman or man should look like and unrealistic expectations of what constitutes healthy conflict resolution. The majority of womenRead MoreThe Divorce Of The Institution And Commitment922 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy relationships, there are several those are not. What is the cause of the progressing down in the institution and commitment? The desire to stay in a relationship no matter what happens, in marriage and developing romantic relationships? Researchers are explaining that answer is very simple†¦. Communication. Communication scholar Mark Knapp and social psychologist and martial therapist John Gottam have turned to studying couples through all stages of their relationship, whetherRead MoreThe Divorce And Its Effects On The Institution And Commitment Essay907 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy relationships, there are several those are not. What is the cause of the progressing down in the institution and commitment? The desire to stay in a relationship no matter what happens, in marriage and developing romantic relationships? Researchers are explaining that answer is very simple†¦. Communication. Communication scholar Mark Knapp and social psychologist and martial therapist John Gottam have turned to studying couples through all stages of their relationship, whetherRead MoreRelationship Satisfaction Is An Important Part Of Romantic Relationships1295 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship satisfaction is an important part of romantic relationships. A lack of satisfaction can lead to consequences in other areas of life and eventually, the destruction of the relationship. For example, job performance is heavily influenced by romantic relationship satisfaction. In a study by Greenhaus and Beutell (1985), they argued that poor satisfaction leads to poor job performance and vice versa. They stated this was to because these two spheres are â€Å"interdependent.† Satisfaction canRead MoreEffects Of Social Networking Sites On Relationships1528 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Social Networking Sites on Relationships Several studies have found that using social networking sites excessively, including partner surveillance and monitoring, posting ambiguous information, and compulsive internet use, can be detrimental to romantic relationships (Ridgway Clayton, 2016). Social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, negatively influence our relationships. It is important to know the common conflicts and how to avoid them. It is also important

Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact System. Answer: Introduction Whether an individual notices or not, at some stage of their life, they negotiate, and this makes every person a negotiator. Negotiation can be stated as an obvious aspect of the life of every individual, whether the same is about negotiating with different consumers, so that they can attain the services or products being offered, or negotiating the rent of an apartment, negotiation is such an aspect, which is commonly found in the daily lives of people (Salacuse, 2013, p. 3). And whilst the same is present at such a common level, its significance can be noticed when the Management negotiations are carried on at crucial levels, for instance, a negotiation between a member of the United States with that of a member of United Nations, for an adoption or any other aspect of the guidelines provided by the United Nation. An effective negotiation can make the entire case, and an ineffective one, can ruin the entire matter (Benoliel, 2014, p. 197). Lewicki et al (2011) stated that negotiation cannot be deemed as a process which is simply reserved for the ardent advocate for an organized lobby, skilled diplomat or top salesperson. Instead, he stated that negotiation is something, which is carried on in a daily manner by everyone. However, this statement raises a question on whether the negotiation skills are same at each and every place? Or whether with the level of sophistication or the intricacy of matter, the negotiations change? In the following parts, a discussion has been carried on to critically evaluate this very statement made by Lewicki. This has been done to establish, that even though, every aspect of life is covered with negotiations, the level of negotiation skills are changed with the circumstances of a particular case. However, before the same can be done, the very basic meaning of negotiation has been clarified. What is Negotiation? Negotiation can be defined as such a process whereby two or more than two parties communicate with each other, where each of the parties has their own goal. These communications present the respective perspective of each party and depict their interests. And ultimately, through compromises and concessions, an agreement is reached between the parties and a decision is made. This entire process is known as negotiation (Chaturvedi, 2011, p. 200). So, under negotiations, an agreement is attained which best suits the aims and objectives of both the parties, where both the parties lose some points and gain some, in a mutually beneficial way. It can also be stated as a manner of reaching a solution to the problem between two or more disputants (Dwyer, 2012, p. 83). And until the dispute remains unresolved, the negotiation process cannot come to an end. The process of negotiation can better be explained with the help of an example. Suppose two individual want to have the container full of rare and precious mangos for themselves, but they do not want to use the method of violence to reach a decision. In such situation, these two individuals would open up a communications channel between them and reach the terms which best suit them. This could be a 50-50 distribution of the mangos, or any other arrangement, which they both agree upon in a mutually non-violent manner. So, negotiations are the more civilized manner of resolving a matter. By adopting this process the common interest of the parties are achieved in the most fruitful manner. And as the interests are mutually decided upon, long term relationships are attained through effective negotiation process. Negotiations not only help in resolving an issue, but also in reaching a beneficial agreement without the presence of a dispute (Fells, 2009, p. 4). There are four kinds of negotiations and it is essential to determine the suitable form of negotiation, as each of them requires a different strategy. Descriptive Negotiation- this form of negotiation is also known as Management competitive or claiming value approach, which states that one party can win at the expense of the other party. The significant concern related to this approach is that both the parties aim at maximizing their respective interests. This form of approach requires a person to obtain advantage through concealing information or by using manipulative and misleading conduct to obtain information regarding the concealed information. The negotiator must influence the beliefs of the other person and obtain information about the person. Lose-lose Approach- this negotiation approach is adopted when one of the partners believe that his own interests are threatened, he ensures that the consequence of the negotiation is not suitable to the other party as well. Therefore, in this approach, both the parties end up as losers at the end of negotiation. Hence, it is the most undesirable negotiation approach. Compromise Approach- This form of approach aims at improving the outcome of the lose-lose strategy. This form requires both the parties to compromise and convince each other and settle down for a common solution that would enable both the parties to achieve their own respective interests or objectives. Integrative Approach- this form of approach is also called creative value or collaborative approach and is deemed superior to all other forms of negotiation approaches. This approach makes both the parties believe that they are capable of attaining their respective interests. The major concern of this approach is to maximize joint outcomes and the most appropriate strategies include cooperation, sharing information and mutual problem-solving objectives. This negotiation approach is the most desirable approach. Stages of Negotiations Broadly, there are four phases of negotiations, i.e., the pre-negotiations phase, conceptualization, settling the details, and finally, the follow up. For the pre-negotiations stage a degree of preparation is needed before the negotiations actually begin. In this, the reasons for negotiating are determined firstly and then the specifics of the matter on which negotiations have to take place are decided. At this stage, as much as is possible, the information is collected and on the basis of this information, a picture is painted for the contentions which can be made by the other side, so that their goals, needs and motivations can be assessed. The next stage in the negotiation process relates to the conceptualization, where the foundation of the agreement is developed so that the issues are framed in a manner that even the most intricate details are considered. At this stage, the goals and objectives of each of the phase is defined through fact finding (Negotiations, 2017). Once these two stages have been effectively undertaken, the next step in the negotiation process is to set out the details. This is the stage where the agreement is completed and in this stage, the details of venture are completed. The problems which can be faced in the partnership, on the basis of reality are discussed so that the agreement can be workable, and viable. This is not easy as it sounds as the setting of details in a correct and meticulous manner is crucial. Often the negotiations collapse due to the failure of the parties in devoting the time and efforts in chalking out the details in an effective manner. The last stage is the follow up stage, where the problems are identified and at times, the contract is re-negotiated. Just signing of dotted line is not sufficient to finish negotiations, and a careful analysis of adherence to each and every aspect is crucial. Only when all these steps are properly undertaken, can a negotiation process end (Crump, 2007). Linkage Theory and Negotiations As per Crump (2007), linkage theory can be defined as the manner in which the negotiations influence or the manner in which determines the outcome or the process of the other. This theory helps in gaining an effective insight over the relationship between the negotiation, and the pertinent environment. A single negotiation has the power of different outcomes and for these outcomes, a number of different explanations can be provided, depending upon the variables. The environment in which the negotiations take place plays a key role in the process of negotiations. The environmental factors have the power of advancing, halting, supporting and even suspending the negotiations. And this relationship between the environment and the negotiations outcome is explained through the linkage theory (Maggi, 2016). Negotiations are quite hard to start, and even more difficult to maintain, as well as, conclude. Hence, linking the process of negotiations to something with momentum is of high importance and is a technique that has utility. For understanding the relationship between the particular negotiation and its relevant environment, the negotiation linkage process to be a useful conceptual tool. The EU-Mercosure or the NAFTA negotiations did not take place on their own and they did not initiate the EU-Chile and US-Chile negotiations on their own too, respectively. However, each one of them played a crucial role in this process (Devereaux, Lawrence and Watkins, 2006). State of affairs can be designed or may evolve in particular environment, which results in creating of an action, which forces events like the deadlines (Watkins, 1998). However, the state of affairs also has the power of obstructing the negotiations process, through the issue linkage (Tollison and Willett, 1979). Hence, linkages can be deemed as the most effective in initiating and finishing the stages of negotiations. This is because this is the place where the opportunities are created initially, and are secured finally. Though, the linkage challenges and opportunities can be observed throughout the process of negotiations. BATNA refers to Best Alternative To a Management Negotiated Agreement, which was a term given in 1981 by Roger Fisher and William Ury, in their bestseller book. BATNAs are considered as critical tool for negotiation as it is believed that a wise decision with regards to a negotiation agreement cannot be made till such time, when the people involved in the negotiations are aware about the possible alternatives (Spangler, 2012). BATNA reveals such an alternative course of action which is the most advantageous for a party, in case where an agreement cannot be reached or where the negotiations fail. A successful negotiator knows that they are the driving force behind their success. BATNAs allow the parties to avoid such agreements which are worse for them, where these alternatives are available. However, it becomes crucial to make certain that the deal has been valued in a proper manner, after considering all the facts like toe likelihood of other party to undertake their side of bargain , and the value of relationship and time (Brett, 2007). Instead of viewing these as a safety net, the negotiators view BATNA as a point of leverage in the negotiations. For BATNA to be adopted, it has to be actionable and real, and due to the lack of these being actionable in reality, the parties often do not invest in BATNA. A successful negotiator needs to be aware about the manner in which BATNA has to be used, along with the techniques which could give best results under this. So, on one hand the soft style may be used for avoiding the conflict or for compromising, and on the other hand, an aggressive and threatening technique representing a hard negotiation style can be adopted (Barsky, 2017). Three suggestive had been given by the authors in their bestselling book to denote the manner in which BATNA could be accomplished. The first one was related to the invention of a list of actions, which could be taken by an individual, in case an agreement is not attained. The second one was related to the conversion of promising ideas into partial or tangible alternatives. And the last suggestion was related to the selection of the best sounding alternative. The culture also plays a significant role in the negotiation process and under BATNA, which has been discussed in the upcoming section. Negotiation Skills: Same Everywhere? The statement made by Lewicki et al (2011) denoted the presence of negotiations at every stage of life. And this is very true, as demonstrated from the examples put forward earlier. However, the negotiations skills are changed widely due to the scenario in which they take place, or the level of the matter for which they are used. In the international business, negotiations are a common parlance. The parties who are involved in negotiations have to face a lot of difficulties in attaining the desired outcome. One of the problems which crops up while the negotiations are carried on international level relates to the difference in cultural backgrounds (Chang, 2006). Culture is a set of values and beliefs. And this forms the basis for the perceptions, behavior, expectations, assumptions and the values in the people (Javidan and House, (2001). By effectively perceiving these differences, based on the particular cases, the negotiators can effectively close a deal. When the international business takes place, the culture of the different nations, acts as a contributory factor in the intricacies of negotiation process. The representatives of international business closely analyze the properties, differences and the traditions which are followed in the nations, with which they prepare to form business transactions or partnerships (Peleckis, 2013). For this purpose the analysis of cultural dimensions, the cultural differences proves very helpful as it helps in conveying the critical incompatibilities which are present amongst the parties. And in this regard, the Hofstede's cultural dimensions analysis is used as it helps in designing the international business negotiation process as the same conveys the difference between the various dimensions in a culture of the negotiating parties (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov, 2010). At the international level, the negotiations are faced with a range of differences in the cultures, the power placement, and the emotional differences between the parties, a long-term attitude towards communications, and the various other uncertainties (Peleckis, 2013). The intercultural differences dimensions have the power of influencing the negotiation process amongst the different cultures representatives. There can be a presence of different understanding to the actions or symbols in different cultures. Hence, it becomes crucial to initiate the business negotiations at the international level when all the requisites have been gathered and properly acquainted with the cultural features. In case, such is not possible, a mediator, who is an expert in the culture of a particular nation, could be taken help of (Peleckis, 2013). For instance, the swastika sign is considered as a sign of religion in India and the same is also a symbol used by the Nazi Party (Voorst, 2014, p. 66; Issitt and Main, 2014). So, if this symbol is criticized in front of a Hindu, them the same could prove fatal for the negotiations taking place in front of a Hindu in India. And the same may prove as helpful in case of dealings with a German national. The case study which was carried out between one global Dutch company and two of its local subsidiaries located in Korea and Japan revealed the complexity of the negotiations between the subsidiaries and their head office. In this case, the barrier of culture was coupled with the lack of cultural awareness. And along with these issues, the influencers between the two parties, the organization, the relationship and the atmosphere also contributed towards the complexities in negotiations. The last part affirms the role of linkage theory in negotiations (Fjellstrm, 2005). In this study, it was held that the culture was of utmost important for the cross Management cultural negotiation with the head office of the subsidiary. And this very cultural gap reaffirms the need of negotiations. These negotiations help the parties in understanding the manner in which they communicate and ultimately understand each other. It was also held that the organization also had the power to influence the negotiations. The culture of the organization was deemed as important for the subsidiaries in other nations, so that they could strive and work for the same organization as their main drive. But, the difficulty in attaining a strong organizational culture, which is over the national culture, remains a barrier (Fjellstrm, 2005). The international business relationships success is dependent upon the effective business negotiations. And this is the reason why the negotiators have to be properly prepared. By understanding the manner in which the desired outcomes can be attained, along with the factors which are relevant to this entire process, helps the negotiator in being more successful. The negotiation process and the outcomes, as are perceived by the International and Thai business negotiations, with regards to the cross-cultural international business negations were analyzed through a study conducted in Thailand. A questionnaire was used in this regard, which focused upon the positive retrospective negotiations experience and this was sent across too the executives who were working in Thailand (Numprasertchai and Swierczek, 2006). The result of this questionnaire highlighted the significance of the successful cross-cultural negotiators in the performance, as well as in the future-oriented prospects. This study also highlighted that protocol and tactics do not have much emphasis in successful experiences. Instead, the relationship orientation and information focus act as the key factors in defining the success in both the international and the Thai negotiators. It was also established in this study that the emphasis over the specific time orientation is significantly more for the international business negotiators in comparison to the Thai counterparts (Numprasertchai and Swierczek, 2006). The emphasis of culture can most commonly be noticed in the Chinese reference. For a negotiation to be successful in China, the same has to be conducted in a manner which can be deemed as acceptable in China and to the Chinese people. For doing this, a successful negotiator needs to know the ways to influence the side of Chinese and the awareness regarding their cultural dynamics. The European negotiators are required to have the awareness regarding the prevalent negotiation characteristics of patience, Guanxi network, ambiguity, status, friendship, trust and face. This is crucial for avoiding the misunderstandings or tensions, which can otherwise be brought forward while dealing with the people of the nation (Woo and Prud'homme, 1999). The negotiations in China are never an easy task. The people departing for China, especially the European business people, are most commonly advised that they need to be polite as the Chinese people value good relationships and harmony. Even though these warnings are given, when these individuals reach China, and initiate the negotiations, they have to face the fierce adversarial bargaining, which lacks the politeness, as well as, the considerations which the European negotiators expected (Blackman, 1997). Further, it is often noted that the Chinese negotiators are not only shrewd but also experienced in the art of effectively using the timing and of psychology (Gordon, 1986). This highlights the success on part of the Chinese negotiators and the lack of experience on part of the too cautious European business negotiators. It has been argued that it is crucial to have a relationship between cultural knowledge and the communication skills (McCall and Warrington, 1989). Though, negotiations are not merely a sole skill or a combination of skills. Broadly, negotiation is such a process which occurs in a specific context. For instance, a negotiator, in every scenario needs to have good communication skills, along with the knowledge of stating their points with precision; this is a common skill. However, when negotiations are done with Chinese people, their perception of justice, their customs and their philosophy is to be kept in mind while negotiating; and this brings forward a specific skill set (Wong-Scollon, and Scollon, 1990). Conclusion Negotiations are a manner of resolving the conflicts which take place between two or more parties and is even helpful in cases where a matter has to be decided upon, in absence of a dispute. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that for the success of negotiations process, merely the knowledge of business is not sufficient and instead, a good grasp over the difference in cultural backgrounds of the individual has to be understood. BATNA is one of the alternatives which can be used as an alternative to the negotiations; though, a lot of skill is needed to undertake this technique. The linkage theory proves as helpful in cases of negotiations as it helps in understanding the impact of the environment or the atmosphere over the negotiations. This theory helps in ascertaining the challenges and opportunities which a negotiator has in a particular scenario, which allows the negotiators to make the most of it. The discussion also highlighted the manner in which the cross cultural differences play a major role in negotiations process. The example of the Chinese negotiators has highlighted the reason for their success; they have formed a perception of being polite and harmony. To conclude, even though negotiations are present in every sphere of life, in the international business context, they become very complex and definitely are not the same everywhere. References Anglin, A. (2014) Happy Birthday, Adolf. Daily Stormer. [Online] Available from: https://www.dailystormer.com/happy-birthday-adolf/ [Accessed on: 17/05/17] Barsky, A.E. (2017) Conflict Resolution for the Helping Professions: Negotiation, Mediation, Advocacy, Facilitation, and Restorative Justice. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Benoliel, M. (2014) Negotiation Excellence: Successful Deal Making. 2nd ed. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. Blackman, C. (1997) Negotiating China: Case Studies and Strategies. 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(2012) Getting to Yes: Negotiating an agreement without giving in. New York: Random House. Fjellstrm, D. (2005) International Business Negotiations: Factors that influence the negotiation in head office subsidiary relationship in Japan and Korea: A case study of Philips. Diva. [Online] Available from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:15960/fulltext01 [Accessed on: 17/05/17] Gordon, T.D. (1986) China. Hong Kong: Euromoney Publications. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., and Minkov, M. (2010) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. Issitt, M.E., and Main, C. (2014) Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the Worlds Religious Beliefs. California: ABC-CLIO. Javidan, M., and House, R. J. (2001) Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from Project GLOBE. Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), pp. 289305. Lewicki, R., Saunders, D. and Barry, B. 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Requiem for a Dream free essay sample

It’s not happening, and if it were to be happening it would be alright † Sara Goldfarb in the opening scene of Requiem For a Dream (Aronofsky). â€Å"Sara Goldfarb is a lonely widow who is revitalized by the prospect of appearing on television as a game show contestant, while her son Harry, his girlfriend Marion, and his friend Tyrone have devised an illicit shortcut to wealth and ease. Lulled by early successes, Sara, Harry, Marion and Tyrone convince themselves that unforeseen setbacks are only temporary. They ignore their deteriorating circumstances and focus all their energies on realizing their beautiful visions of the future. Even as the promise of fulfillment disappears to nothingness, they cling to the delusions that are slowly destroying their lives, denying reality until at last they are eye to eye with their worst nightmares(Requiem For A Dream (2000)). † This was an excerpt from IMDB. com’s description of Darren Aronofsky’s film Requiem For A Dream. We will write a custom essay sample on Requiem for a Dream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were four people in the story that had serious emotional issues from earlier years in their life and serious illegal and prescription drug abuse, but I found the mother’s story, Sara, to be exceptionally interesting. She is a middle-aged mother who has been seriously affected by the passing of her late husband. Sara frequently spoke to him as if he was in the same room. I had â€Å"diagnosed† Sara with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder from the passing of her husband Seymore, and from having to raise a delinquent son. In our book, the authors classify Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-IV. It is an anxiety disorder because it has elements including generalized feelings of fear, and apprehension (Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley ). It also states that one of the major criteria for being diagnosed with PTSD is that the person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which: 1. ) the person experienced, witnessed or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to the self or to others, or 2. The persons’ response involved intense fear, helplessness or horror (Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley ). The movie never went into detail on how the father died, but it was enough for Sara to somewhat ignore the fact that he was gone. In the movie, Sara gets a phone call from someone at her favorite television show’s company saying she had won a trip to be on the show to win a prize, and that they were sending her paperwork to fill out before hand. She goes through her closet and finds the dress she wore to her son’s graduation about five dress sizes ago when Seymore was still alive. Sara goes into complete obsession to try and lose enough weight to fit into the dress. While watching, I thought this was her way of escapism from being lonely; to drive to hard to lose weight to fit into the red dress and smile †It makes tomorrow alright,† she said. She eventually goes to a back alley â€Å"doctor† who prescribes her weight loss pills which turn out to be uppers and downers (speed and sleeping pills). To see immediate results Sara starts to mix and match numerous of the weight loss pills and starts going into hysterics. For example while being high on her pills, she starts to see herself on that tv show, the fridge holding the food she cannot eat starts to jump towards her, and sees projections of herself and the show host in her living room hackling her about how pathetic she is for trying to lose weight and how poor she is. When the scene pans out, you can see that the tv had been off the whole time and she was playing this all in her head. Eventually, she does lose weight enough to wear the dress and makes her way to the tv station. Since she was so out of her mind from the medicine the police came and took her to the hospital where they performed an EKG on her three times and moved her to the psych ward. She kept telling the nurses that she was ready to be on the show and that Seymore and her son Harry would be so proud of her and that she loved them very much. Even to the very end when she is left in the hospital because her son is stranded in Florida, the only thing that brought her happiness was thinking of being on her favorite television show and the â€Å"prize† she had been waiting for the whole time is seeing her successful son Harry. She tells him she loves him and he told her that he loved her back. The delusions she put herself into as a defense mechanism from the loss of her husband were those of grandeur. I was a bit confused on how the medicine she was prescribed could have affected her in such a permanent manner but what I’ve gathered from what I’ve learned in class was that the complete imbalance of the drugs she had been taking reacted negatively to each other in such a way as to poison the brain and her body. The medicine could have affected the brain enough to misfire on her conscious preventing reality to really sink into her. Since she was taking the medicine at such an emotionally unstable time in her life, that was where she was permanently stuck. I do believe that Sara Goldfarb did have PTSD from the loss of her husband but I also believe that the drugs she was taking to lose weight affected her brain balance in such a way to completely destroy her mental condition.